You need a Social Security number to work, pay taxes, and build credit — and the process depends on whether you were born in the U.S., are a citizen, or are a permanent resident.
A Social Security number (SSN) is a nine-digit identifier issued by the Social Security Administration. You cannot work legally in the United States without one, and most employers will ask for it on your first day. Banks, credit card companies, and the IRS also use it to track your financial history and tax records.
If you were born in the U.S., you can request an SSN at the hospital before you leave with your newborn, or apply later at your local Social Security office. If you are a citizen or permanent resident who was born outside the U.S., you will need to prove your immigration status along with your identity and age. The process is free and usually takes about two weeks.
Key Takeaways
- U.S. newborns can receive a Social Security number at the hospital or through a Social Security office within weeks of birth.
- Adults born outside the U.S. must show proof of citizenship or permanent residency, a valid ID, and proof of age to obtain an SSN.
- You can apply in person at any Social Security office, by mail, or online through the Social Security Administration website if you meet certain conditions.
- Processing typically takes one to three weeks, and you will receive your number by mail unless you apply at the office in person.
How to apply for a newborn's Social Security number
The easiest time to get an SSN is at the hospital. When you give birth, the hospital will ask whether you want to apply for a Social Security number for your baby. If you say yes, the hospital submits the application to the Social Security Administration on your behalf, and your child's number arrives by mail within two to four weeks.
If you did not apply at the hospital, you can apply at any Social Security office. Bring your child's birth certificate, your own ID, and proof of your relationship to the child (usually your ID is enough). There is no age limit — you can apply for a Social Security number for a child at any time.
How to apply as an adult born in the U.S.
If you are a U.S. citizen born in the country but never received a Social Security number, you can apply at your local Social Security office. Bring an original or certified copy of your birth certificate, a valid government-issued ID (driver's license, passport, or state ID), and proof of your current address (a utility bill, lease, or bank statement dated within the last 60 days).
You can also apply by mail if you prefer not to visit an office in person. Download the Form SS-5 from the Social Security Administration website, include copies of your documents, and mail the packet to your regional Social Security office. The address is listed on the form itself. Processing by mail takes longer — usually three to four weeks — because the office must verify your documents before issuing your number.
How to apply as a permanent resident or citizen born outside the U.S.
If you are a permanent resident or naturalized citizen born outside the United States, you will need to show proof of your immigration status in addition to your identity and age. Bring your Permanent Resident Card (green card) or Certificate of Naturalization, a valid government-issued ID, and proof of your current address.
Some permanent residents and visa holders may also be able to apply online through the Social Security Administration's website, though this option is limited to certain visa categories and requires you to verify your identity through an online process. Check the Social Security Administration website to see whether your visa type qualifies for online application. If not, apply in person at your local office or by mail using Form SS-5.
What documents you need to bring
| Who You Are | Documents Required |
|---|---|
| Newborn (applying at hospital) | Hospital provides information; parents sign consent form |
| Newborn (applying at office) | Birth certificate, parent's ID, proof of relationship |
| U.S. citizen born in the U.S. | Birth certificate, valid government ID, proof of current address |
| Permanent resident | Green card, valid government ID, proof of current address |
| Naturalized citizen | Certificate of Naturalization, valid government ID, proof of current address |
All documents must be originals or certified copies. The Social Security office will not accept photocopies. If your birth certificate or other vital record is not in English, bring an official English translation along with the original document.
Where to apply and how long it takes
You can apply at any Social Security office in the country, regardless of where you live. Find your local office on the Social Security Administration website by entering your zip code. You do not need an appointment — walk-in service is available, though wait times vary. Calling ahead to ask about current wait times can save you a trip.
If you apply in person at the office, you will receive a receipt with a temporary number you can use immediately for employment purposes. Your permanent card arrives by mail within one to two weeks. If you apply by mail or online, processing takes one to three weeks, and you will receive your number by mail.
Some employers will accept the receipt as proof of your SSN while you wait for the card to arrive. Ask your employer whether they will do this before your start date, so you know whether you need to rush your application.
What happens after you receive your number
Once you have your Social Security number, keep the card in a safe place — you do not need to carry it with you every day. Write down the number and store it separately from the card itself, in case the card is lost or stolen. You will need the number to open a bank account, apply for credit, file taxes, or start a job.
If your card is lost, stolen, or damaged, you can request a replacement at your local Social Security office or by mail. Replacement cards are free, and you can request up to three per year and ten in your lifetime. If your name changes due to marriage, divorce, or legal name change, you will need to update your Social Security record and request a new card with your updated name.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I get a Social Security number if I am not a citizen?
It depends on your visa status. Permanent residents and certain visa holders can obtain an SSN. Undocumented immigrants cannot. Check the Social Security Administration website or call your local office to confirm whether your specific visa category qualifies.
How much does it cost to get a Social Security number?
There is no fee. The Social Security Administration does not charge for SSN applications, replacements, or updates. If someone offers to help you obtain an SSN for a fee, that is a scam.
What if I lost my Social Security card?
Visit your local Social Security office or apply by mail using Form SS-5 to request a replacement. Bring your ID and proof of address. Replacement cards are free and arrive within one to two weeks. You can request up to three replacement cards per year.
Can I change my Social Security number?
The Social Security Administration rarely issues a new number. You would need to show evidence of identity theft, harassment, or abuse. Contact your local Social Security office to discuss your situation if you believe you have a valid reason for a change.
Do I need to carry my Social Security card with me?
No. Keep your card in a safe place at home and memorize your number instead. Carrying the card increases the risk of loss or theft. You only need to provide your number, not the physical card, when opening accounts or starting employment.